The American Psychological Association (APA) referencing style is most commonly used to cite sources within the social sciences. It is currently used for courses such as Psychology, Education, and Learning and Teaching in the National College of Ireland.
The APA style is based on an author-date system which includes in-text referencing throughout the written work and then full referencing details are provided at the end of the work in a list titled the Reference List.
NB: Other referencing styles such as Harvard or IEEE may be used by your course – please consult with your lecturer to confirm which style they require you to use.
Please note: Following the publication of the 7th edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association in 2019, some changes have been made to the APA referencing style. This online guide has been updated to reflect the 7th edition of APA - we are currently working on updating the physical NCI Library Referencing Guide and recommend that students consult the online version of the guide in the meantime.
Below is a list of the main changes:
Sources with 3 or more authors | ||
If your source has three or more authors, use the first author's surname followed by et al. for all mentions in-text. |
Examples of in-text citations:
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No longer required to include the terms 'doi:' or 'Retrieved from' in the full reference of electronic/online sources. | ||
Only the hyperlink for the doi or the URL are required to be included in the full text reference of an online source. If you are referencing an online journal article and no doi is available simply end the reference at the page numbers - do not include a URL. |
Webpage example (with URL): American Psychological Association. (2019). About APA. https://www.apa.org/about/index Online/eJournal article example (with doi): Wood, W. (2017). Habit in personality and social psychology. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 21(4), 389-403. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868317720362 |
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eBook URLs/links | ||
Do not include a URL in an ebook reference if accessed via a subscription based academic database (i.e. ebooks accessed via the Library) - instead simply end the reference at the page numbers. | ||
The place of publication is no longer required in the full text reference of books. | ||
It is no longer required to include the place of publication followed by a colon before the name of the publisher in the full text reference of a book. |
Example: Santrock, J. W. (2015). Life-span development. McGraw-Hill. |
For more information regarding the 7th edition of the APA manual, you can borrow a copy from the library (check availability) or take a look at these sources: https://apastyle.apa.org/ or https://apastyle.apa.org/instructional-aids/reference-examples.pdf
According to the APA 7th edition guidelines, a specific format should be used throughout your document. It is recommended that the format includes the following:
You can also find an example of a student paper formatted using the 7th edition of APA here: https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/paper-format/sample-papers
Also check out the Student Paper Setup Guide
For further guidance on APA style, see these resources below:
When using the APA referencing style, a reference needs to be made at the exact point at which a source is referred to in the text of your work. This consists of a short, basic reference (Author, Year) inserted every time you use or refer to someone else’s work in-text.
Example:
Many young adults “understand that thinking can't always be abstract. In many instances, it must be realistic and pragmatic” (Santrock, 2015).
There are two ways to use in-text citations:
See here for more information on parenthectical and narrative citations: https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/citations/basic-principles/parenthetical-versus-narrative
N.B. If you are using a direct quotation you must also include the page number (if the source has page numbers} that the original appears on in the in-text citation i.e. (Author, date, page number).
See here for more guidance on using direct quotations: https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/citations/quotations
When using the APA referencing style, a reference needs to be made in your reference list at the end of your work. A reference list provides comprehensive details of the sources used throughout your written work.
If a reader wants to know the full details of a source you have used, they can refer to your reference list.
Example:
Reference List
Santrock, J. W. (2015). Life-span development. (15th ed.). McGraw Hill.
Hanging Indentation:
In your reference list, if an reference entry spans across more than one line, all of the lines after the first line of the entry should be indented one-half inch from the left margin.
Example:
Coghlan, D., & Coughlan, P. (2014). Effecting change and learning in networks through network action learning. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 51(3), 375-400.
Book - Single author
APA 7th edition components |
Author Surname, Initial(s). (Year of publication). Title of book (in italics). (edition - only include if not the first.). Publisher. |
Example |
Santrock, J. W. (2015). Life-span development. (15th ed.). McGraw-Hill. |
Practice with CiteThemRight - See Printed Books with one author (select Login) |
Book - Two authors
APA 7th edition components |
Author Surname, Initial(s)., & Author Surname, Initial(s). (Year of publication). Title of book (in italics). (edition - only include if not the first.). Publisher. |
Example |
Boyd, D., & Bee, H. (2015). Lifespan development. (7th ed.). Pearson Education. |
Practice with CiteThemRight - See Printed Books with multiple authors (select Login) |
Book - Three or more authors
APA 7th edition components |
Author Surname, Initial(s)., Author Surname, Initial(s)., & Author Surname, Initial(s). (Year of publication). Title of book (in italics). (edition - only include if not the first). Publisher. |
Example |
Shaughnessy, J. J., Zechmeister, E. B., & Zechmeister, J. S. (2015). Research methods in psychology. (10th ed.). McGraw-Hill. |
Practice with CiteThemRight - See Printed Books with multiple authors (select Login) |
Book - Corporate author
APA 7th edition components |
Company/Corporate Name. (Year of publication). Title of book (in italics). (edition - only include if not the first.). Publisher. |
Example |
American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association. (6th ed.). Washington DC: Author. |
Practice with CiteThemRight - See Printed Books with one author (select Login) |
Book - Editor(s)
APA 7th edition components |
Editor Surname, Initial(s). (Ed.). (Year of publication). Title of book (in italics). (edition - only include if not the first.). Publisher. |
Example |
Davey, G. (Ed.). (2011). Applied psychology. BPS Blackwell. |
Chapter of an edited book - Single author
APA 7th edition components |
Author Surname, Initial(s). (Year of publication). Title of chapter. in Editor Initial(s). Surname (Ed.), Title of book (in italics (edition - only include if not the first., pp. page numbers of chapter). Publisher. |
Example |
Preuss, T. M. (2009). The cognitive neuroscience of human uniqueness. In M. S. Gazzaniga (Ed.), The cognitive neurosciences (4th ed., pp. 49-66). The MIT Press. |
Practice with CiteThemRight - See Chapter of an edited book (select Login) |
Chapter of an edited book - Two authors
APA 7th edition components |
Author Surname, Initial(s)., & Author Surname, Initial(s). (Year of publication). Title of chapter. In Editor Initial(s). Surname (Ed.), Title of book (in italics) (edition - only if not the first., pp. page numbers of chapter). Publisher. |
Example |
Reason, P., & Riley, S. (2008). Co-operative inquiry: An action research practice. In J. A. Smith (Ed.), Qualitative psychology: A practical guide to research methods (2nd ed., pp. 207-234). Sage. |
Practice with CiteThemRight - See Chapter of an edited book (select Login) |
eBook – Single author
APA 7th edition components |
Author Surname, Initial(s). (Year of publication). Title of eBook (in italics) (edition - only include if not the first.). Publisher. doi or url (if applicable) |
Example |
Kalat, J. W. (2021). Introduction to psychology (12th ed.). Cengage. |
Practice with CiteThemRight - See Electronic Books (select Login) |
eBook – Two authors
APA 7th edition components |
Author Surname, Initial(s)., & Author Surname, Initial(s). (Year of publication). Title of eBook (in italics) (edition - only include if not the first.). Publisher. doi or url (if applicable) |
Example |
Howitt, D. & Cramer, D. (2020). Research methods in psychology (6th ed.). Pearson. |
Practice with CiteThemRight - See Electronic Books (select Login) |
eBooks – Three or more authors
APA 7th edition components |
Author Surname, Initial(s)., Author Surname, Initial(s)., & Author Surname, Initial(s). (Year of publication). Title of eBook (in italics) (edition - only include if not the first.). Publisher. doi or url (if applicable) |
Example |
Aronson, E., Wilson, T. D., & Sommers, S. R. (2020). Social psychology (10th global ed.). Pearson. |
Practice with CiteThemRight - See Electronic Books (select Login) |
N. B. If an ebook is from an academic research database (such as APA PsycBooks) and has no DOI or stable URL, end the book reference after the publisher name. The reference in this case is the same as for a physical book. See here for more information on including database information in references.
Journal article – Single author
Components |
Author Surname, Initial(s). (Year of publication). Title of article. Name of Journal (in italics), volume number(in italics)(issue number), page numbers of article. |
Example |
Kowner, R. (2001). Psychological perspective on human developmental stability and fluctuating asymmetry: Sources, applications and implications. British Journal of Psychology, 92(3), 447-469. |
Practice with CiteThemRight - See Journal articles (select Login) |
Journal article – Two authors
Components |
Author Surname, Initial(s)., & Author Surname, Initial(s). (Year of publication). Title of article. Name of Journal (in italics), volume number(in italics)(issue number), page numbers of article. |
Example |
Coghlan, D., & Coughlan, P. (2014). Effecting change and learning in networks through network action learning. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 51(3), 375-400. |
Practice with CiteThemRight - See Journal articles (select Login) |
Journal article – Three or more authors
Components |
Author Surname, Initial(s)., Author Surname, Initial(s)., & Author Surname, Initial(s). (Year of publication). Title of article. Name of Journal (in italics), volume number(in italics)(issue number), page numbers of article. |
Example |
Wang, J., Zhang, Z., & Jia, M. (2017). Understanding how leader humility enhances employee creativity: The roles of perspective taking and cognitive reappraisal. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 53(1), 5-31. |
Practice with CiteThemRight - See Journal articles (select Login) |
eJournal article – Single author
APA 7th edition components |
Author Surname, Initial(s). (Year of publication). Title of article. Name of Journal (in italics), volume number (in italics)(issue number), page numbers of article. doi (if available) |
Example |
Wood, W. (2017). Habit in personality and social psychology. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 21(4), 389-403. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868317720362 |
Practice with CiteThemRight - See Ejournal articles (select Login) |
eJournal article – Two authors
APA 7th edition components |
Author Surname, Initial(s)., & Author Surname, Initial(s). (Year of publication). Title fo article. Name of Journal (in italics), volume number (in italics)(issue number), page numbers of article. doi (if available) |
Example |
Huppatz, K., & Ross-Smith, A. (2017). A discipline at the crossroads? Using a gender-inspired paradigm to reposition the sociology of work and employment. Journal of Sociology, 53(4), 756-770. https://doi.org/10.1177/1440783317743810 |
Practice with CiteThemRight - See Ejournal articles (select Login) |
eJournal article – Three or more authors
APA 7th edition components |
Author Surname, Initial(s)., Author Surname, Initial(s)., & Author Surname, Initial(s). (Year of publication). Title of article. Name of Journal (in italics), volume number (in italics)(issue number), page numbers of article. doi (if available) |
Example |
Hakanen, J. J., Peeters, M. C. W., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2018). Different types of employee well-being across time and their relationship with job crafting. Journal of Occupation Health Psychology, 23(2), 289-301. https://doi.org/10.1037/ocp0000081 |
Practice with CiteThemRight - See Ejournal articles (select Login) |
N.B. If an online/electronic journal article does not have a DOI and is from an academic database (e.g. APA PsycArticles), end the reference after the page range do not include a URL.
Conference paper - Live presentation
APA 7th edition components |
Author Surname, Initial(s)., Author Surname, Initial(s)., Author Surname, Initial(s)., Author Surname, Initial(s)., & Author Surname, Initial(s). (Year of conference, Month Day(s)). Conference paper title (in italics) [Format of presentation]. Title of Conference, Location. |
Example |
Evans, A. C., Jr., Garbarino, J., Bocanegra, E., Kinscherff, R. T., & Márquez-Greene, N. (2019, August 8–11). Gun violence: An event on the power of community [Conference presentation]. APA 2019 Convention, Chicago, IL, United States. |
Practice with CiteThemRight - See Conference paper (select Login) |
Conference proceedings - Published in a journal
APA 7th edition components |
Author Surname, Initial(s)., Author Surname, Initial(s)., Author Surname, Initial(s)., Author Surname, Initial(s)., & Author Surname, Initial(s). (Year of publication). Conference paper title. Title of Conference Proceedings (in italics), volume number(in italics)(issue number), page numbers of conference paper. doi (if available) |
Example |
Herculano-Houzel, S., Collins, C. E., Wong, P., Kaas, J. H., & Lent, R. (2008). The basic nonuniformity of the cerebral cortex. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 105(34), 12593-12598. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0805417105 |
Conference proceedings - Whole edited book
APA 7th edition components |
Editor Surname, Initial(s). (Ed(s).). (Year of publication). Title of book: Volume (in italics). Publisher. doi (if available) |
Example |
Kushilevitz, E., & Malkin, T. (Eds.). (2016). Lecture notes in computer science: Vol. 9562. Theory of cryptography. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-49096-9 |
Conference proceedings - Chapter of an edited book
APA 7th edition components |
Author Surname, Initial(s)., Author Surname, Initial(s)., & Author Surname, Initial(s). (Year of publication). Title of chapter. In Editor Initial(s). Surname (Ed(s).), Title of book: Volume (in italics). (pp. page numbers of chapter). Publisher. doi (if available) |
Example |
Bedenel, A. L., Jourdan, L., & Biernacki, C. (2019). Probability estimation by an adapted genetic algorithm in web insurance. In R. Battiti, M. Brunato, I. Kotsireas, & P. Pardalos (Eds.), Lecture notes in computer science: Vol. 11353. Learning and intelligent optimization (pp. 225–240). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05348-2_21 |
Psychological test/measurement - Three or more authors
APA 7th edition components |
Author Surname, Initial(s)., Author Surname, Initial(s)., Author Surname, Initial(s)., & Author Surname, Initial(s). (Year of publication). Title of Test/Measure (in italics) [Database record]. Name of Database. doi |
Example |
Pekaar, K. A., Bakker, A. B., van der Linden, D., & Born, M. P. (2018). Rotterdam Emotional Intelligence Scale [Database record]. APA PsycTests. https://doi.org/10.1037/t66601-000 |
Webpage
APA 7th edition components |
Author Surname, Initial(s). (Year of publication, Month Day). Title of webpage (in italics). Webstite name. url |
Example |
Santoro, H. (2023, January 1). The push for more equitable research is changing the field. American Psychological Assoication. https://www.apa.org/monitor/2023/01/trends-inclusivity-psychological-research |
Practice with CiteThemRight - See Webpages (select Login) |
Document from a webpage
APA 7th edition components |
Author Surname, Initial(s). (Year of publication). Webpage document title (in italics). Publisher/Website Name. url |
Example |
Sweeney, J. (2013). A strategic review of further education and training and the unemployed. Department of Education and Skills. https://www.education.ie/en/Publications/Education-Reports/A-Strategic-Review-of-Further-Education-and-Training-and-the-Unemployed.pdf |
Practice with CiteThemRight - See Webpages (select Login) |
Newspaper article – Print
Components |
Author Surname, Initial(s). (Year, Month and Date of publication). Title of article. Title of Newspaper (in italics), Title of Supplement (if applicable, also in italics), page number of article. |
Example |
McConnell, D. (2014, April 19). What are we and where are we going? The Social Conquest of Earth. The Irish Times, Weekend, 12. |
Practice with CiteThemRight - See Print newspaper article (select Login) |
Newspaper article – Online
APA 7th edition components |
Author Surname, Initial(s). (Year, Month and Date of publication). Title of article. Title of Newspaper (in italics). url |
Example |
O’Connell, J. (2018, May 19). Jennifer O’Connell: Why do we live in a culture that venerates stress? The Irish Times. https://www.irishtimes.com/life-and-style/people/jennifer-oconnell-why-do-we-live-in-a-culture-that-venerates-stress-1.3491747 |
Practice with CiteThemRight - See Online article (select Login) |
Case study – Online
APA 7th edition components |
Author Surname, Initial(s). (Year). Title of case study. Name of Journal (in italics), volume number(in italics)(issue number), page numbers of case study. doi |
Example |
Durrani, H. (2014). Facilitating attachment in children with autism through art therapy: A case study. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 24(2), 99-108. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0036974 |
Blog - Single author
APA 7th edition components |
Author Surname, Initial(s). (Date of publication). Title of blog post. Blog name (in italics). url |
Example |
Shepard, B. (2022, December 15). How does music affect your brain? Livescience. https://www.livescience.com/how-does-music-affect-your-brain |
Practice with CiteThemRight - See Blogs |
Facebook - Post
APA 7th edition components |
Author Surname, Initial(s). (Date of publication). Title of post (first 20 words in italics) [Description of content] [Post type]. Site name. url |
Example |
Psychology Today (2023, February 1). Developing greater self-discipline, research shows, can deliver benefits including better health and a reduced propensity for risky behavior. Here's [Image attached] [Status update]. Facebook. https://www.facebook.com/15687708844/posts/ pfbid02dmRXgCsvjTr9SqXnkJAtH2Qndu7AHr8CSGboDsE73jTXKEVwsA68pRyhGtNdTMkUl/?sfnsn=mo |
Practice with CiteThemRight - See Facebook |
Twitter - Tweet
APA 7th edition components |
Author Surname, Initial(s) [Twitter handle]. (Date of publication). Title of post (first 20 words in italics) [Description of content] [Post type]. Site name. url |
Example |
Psychological Society of Ireland [@PsychSocIreland]. (2023, January 27). The PSI welcomes the publication of the Report on #MentalHealth Supports in Schools and Tertiary Education & the recommendations to [Image attached] [Tweet]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/PsychSocIreland/status/1618942492778569729?cxt=HHwWgoDRndTn0fcsAAAA |
Practice with CiteThemRight - See Twitter |
N.B. The referencing format used for Twitter is also used for Instagram and TikTok.
Youtube - Video
APA 7th edition components |
Author Surname, Initial(s). (Date of publication). Title of video (in italics) [Video]. Site name. url |
Example |
TED. (2016, July 19). Who are you, really? The puzzle of personality | Brian Little [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qYvXk_bqlBk |
Practice with CiteThemRight - See Online video sharing platforms |
TV - Series
APA 7th edition components |
Author Surname, Initial(s). (Executive Producers). (Date aired). Title of series (in italics) [TV series]. Production company or companies. |
Example |
David, L. & Frost, M. (Executive Producers). (1990–1991). Twin peaks [TV series]. Lynch/Frost Productions; |
Practice with CiteThemRight - See Television programmes |
Radio - Broadcast
APA 7th edition components |
Author Surname, Initial(s). (Date aired). Title of broadcast (in italics) [Radio broadcast]. Name of Radio Station. url (if online) |
Example |
Wright, E. (2012, June 24). Crowd psychology [Radio broadcast]. BBC Radio 3. https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01jyzf |
Practice with CiteThemRight - See Radio and internet radio |
Podcast
APA 7th edition components |
Author Surname, Initial(s). (Host(s)). (Date aired). Title of episode (in italics) [Audio podcast]. Name of Podcast. url |
Example |
Vedantam, S. (Host). (2018, May 15). The surprising benefit of moving and grooving with your kid [Audio podcast]. National Public Radio. https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2018/05/15 /610448906/the-surprising-benefit-of-moving-and-grooving-with-your-kid |
Practice with CiteThemRight - See Podcasts |
Computer Software
APA 7th edition components |
Corporate Author or Named Author. (Year of release). Title of Computer Software (in italics) (Version number) [Computer software]. url |
Example |
IBM (2022). IBM SPSS Statistics (Version 29.0) [Computer software]. https://www.ibm.com/ie-en/products/spss-statistics |
Practice with CiteThemRight - See Computer programs |
N.B. Generally, common or standard software (e.g. SPSS, Word, Excel, Java, Adobe, Photoshop etc.) does not need to be referenced.
Encyclopedia/Dictionary - Print
APA 7th edition components |
Author Surname, Initial(s). (Year of publication). Title of entry. In Editor Initial(s). Editor Surname, & Editor Initial(s). Editor Surname (Eds.) (if applicable), Name of Encyclopedia or Dictionary (in italics) (edition if given). Publisher. |
Example |
Gorman, L. (2011). Online social networking. In G. Ritzer, & J. M. Ryan (Eds.), The Concise Encyclopedia of Sociology. Wiley-Blackwell. |
Practice with CiteThemRight - See Reference books |
Encyclopedia/Dictionary - Online
APA 7th edition components |
Author Surname, Initial(s). (Year of publication). Title of entry. In Editor Initial(s). Editor Surname, & Editor Initial(s). Editor Surname (Eds.) (if applicable), Name of Encyclopedia or Dictionary (in italics). url
|
Example |
American Psychological Association. (2023). Anxiety. In APA dictionary of psychology. https://dictionary.apa.org/anxiety |
Practice with CiteThemRight - See Online reference works |
Legislation - Act
APA 7th edition components |
Title (include section of legislation if specified in-text), Source (if available), (Year of publication). url (if available) |
Example |
Social Welfare Act, Government of Ireland, (2017). http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2017/act/38/enacted/en/html |
Legislation - EU Directive
APA 7th edition components |
European Union Author(s). (Year of publication). Title of Directive (in italics). [Details of Directive]. url |
Example |
European Parliament, Council of the European Union. (2014). Directive 2014/95/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 October 2014 amending Directive 2013/34/EU as regards disclosure of non-financial and diversity information by certain large undertakings and groups. [EU Directive 2014/95/EU]. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legalcontent/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32014L0095 |
Practice with CiteThemRight - See EU legislation |
Thesis/Dissertation - Print
APA 7th edition components |
Author Surname, Initial(s). (Year of submission). Title of thesis/dissertation (in italics). [Unpublished doctoral/master’s/bachelor’s thesis/dissertation]. Name of Institution. |
Example |
Campbell, H. (2015). Educational techniques: The effects of questioning on the recall of information [Unpublished bachelor's dissertation]. National College of Ireland. |
Practice with CiteThemRight - See Unpublished theses and dissertations |
Thesis/Dissertation - Online
APA 7th edition components |
Author Surname, Initial(s). (Year of publication). Title of thesis/dissertation (in italics) [Doctoral/Master’s/Bachelor’s thesis/dissertation, Awarding institution]. Database/repository. url |
Example |
Matthews, J. (2022) The impact of access to verbal language on working memory: A study of working memory on profoundly deaf adults [Bachelor's dissertation, National College of Ireland]. NORMA. https://norma.ncirl.ie/5662/ |
Practice with CiteThemRight - See Published theses and dissertations |
N.B. It is generally not recommended to reference theses/dissertations unless commenting on their own research – it is much better practice to find the sources they have used and reference those sources directly, particularly if you are consulting a recent thesis/dissertation.
Diagram/Chart/Image/Table - Print/Online
APA 7th edition components |
Follow the format for the type of source from which the diagram/chart/image/ table is taken, i.e. a book, journal article, (document from a) webpage etc. |
Example |
Sweeney, J. (2013). A strategic review of further education and training and the unemployed. Department of Education and Skills. https://www.education.ie/en/Publications/Education-Reports/A-Strategic-Review-of-Further-Education-and-Training-and-the-Unemployed.pdf |
Practice with CiteThemRight - |
Lecture Notes
APA 7th edition components |
Author Surname, Author Initial(s). (Year of notes). Title of lecture (in italics) [Format]. Faculty/School, Institution. |
Example |
Hargreaves, A. (2017). Social psychology [Powerpoint slides]. School of Business, National College of Ireland. |
N.B. It is not recommened to directly reference lecture notes or slides; ideally, you should be using these as a starting point to explore the resources discussed and highlighted in class.
NCI Library Referencing Guide, *For the 7th edition of APA referencing, please consult the online guide. |
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The NCI Library Referencing Guide provides further details on how to reference sources throughout your written work. You can collect a hard copy of our guide at NCI Library or access the pdf by selecting the title or the icon of the guide above. |
*For the 7th edition of APA referencing, please consult the online guide. |
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