LibGuides: Referencing and Avoiding Plagiarism: APA

The American Psychological Association (APA) referencing style is most commonly used in the social sciences. It is currently used for courses such as Psychology, Education, and Learning and Teaching at National College of Ireland.

The APA style is based on an author-date system which includes in-text referencing throughout the written work and then full referencing details are provided at the end of the work in a list titled Reference List.

NB: Other referencing styles such as Harvard or IEEE may be used by your course – please consult with your lecturer to confirm which style they require you to use.

Getting Started

Please note: Following the publication of the 7th edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association in 2019, some changes have been made to the APA referencing style. This online guide has been updated to reflect the 7th edition of APA - we are currently working on updating the physical NCI Library Referencing Guide and recommend that students consult the online version of the guide in the meantime.

Below is a list of the main changes:

Sources with 3 or more authors
If your source has three or more authors, use the first author's surname followed by et al. for all mentions in-text.	Examples of in-text citations: One author - Smith (2019) or (Smith, 2019) Two authors - Jones and Brown (2019) or (Jones & Brown, 2019) Three or more authors - Wilson et al. (2019) or (Wilson et al., 2019)
No longer required to include the terms 'doi:' or 'Retrieved from' in the full reference of electronic/online sources.
Only the hyperlink for the doi or the URL are required to be included in the full text reference of an online source. If you are referencing an online journal article and no doi is available simply end the reference at the page numbers - do not include a URL.	Webpage example (with URL): American Psychological Association. (2019). About APA. https://www.apa.org/about/index Online/eJournal article example (with doi): Wood, W. (2017). Habit in personality and social psychology. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 21(4), 389-403. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868317720362
eBook URLs/links
Do not include a URL in an ebook reference if accessed via a subscription based academic database (i.e. ebooks accessed via the Library) - instead simply end the reference at the page numbers.
The place of publication is no longer required in the full text reference of books.
It is no longer required to include the place of publication followed by a colon before the name of the publisher in the full text reference of a book.	Example: Santrock, J. W. (2015). Life-span development. McGraw-Hill.

For more information regarding the 7th edition of the APA manual, you can borrow a copy from the library (check availability) or take a look at these sources: https://apastyle.apa.org/ or https://apastyle.apa.org/instructional-aids/reference-examples.pdf

According to the APA 7th edition guidelines, a specific format should be used throughout your document. It is recommended that the format includes the following:

1 inch margins on all sides of the page (top, bottom, left, and right)
A legible font. For example: 11-point Calibri, 11-point Arial, 12- point Times New Roman, and 11-point Georgia
Use double-spacing for the entire paper (including block quotations and the reference list). Do not add blank lines before or after headings. Do not add extra spacing between paragraphs
Align paragraphs of text to the left margin. Indent the first line of every paragraph of text 0.5 in
Put a page number in the top right corner of every page, including the title page

You can also find an example of a student paper formatted using the 7th edition of APA here: https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/paper-format/sample-papers

Also check out the Student Paper Setup Guide

For further guidance on APA style, see these resources below:

When using the APA referencing style, a reference needs to be made at the exact point at which a source is referred to in the text of your work. This consists of a short, basic reference (Author, Year) inserted every time you use or refer to someone else’s work in-text.

Example:

Many young adults “understand that thinking can't always be abstract. In many instances, it must be realistic and pragmatic” (Santrock, 2015).

There are two ways to use in-text citations:

Parenthetical citation: (Santrock, 2015)
Narrative citation: Santrock (2019)

See here for more information on parenthectical and narrative citations: https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/citations/basic-principles/parenthetical-versus-narrative

N.B. If you are using a direct quotation you must also include the page number (if the source has page numbers} that the original appears on in the in-text citation i.e. (Author, date, page number).

See here for more guidance on using direct quotations: https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/citations/quotations

When using the APA referencing style, a reference needs to be made in your reference list at the end of your work. A reference list provides comprehensive details of the sources used throughout your written work.

If a reader wants to know the full details of a source you have used, they can refer to your reference list.

Example:

Reference List

Santrock, J. W. (2015). Life-span development. (15th ed.). McGraw Hill.

Hanging Indentation:

In your reference list, if an reference entry spans across more than one line, all of the lines after the first line of the entry should be indented one-half inch from the left margin.

Example:

Coghlan, D., & Coughlan, P. (2014). Effecting change and learning in networks through network action learning. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 51(3), 375-400.

APA - Core Sources

Book - Single author

APA 7th edition components	Author Surname, Initial(s). (Year of publication). Title of book (in italics). (edition - only include if not the first.). Publisher.
Example	Howitt, D. (2018). Introduction to forensic and criminal psychology. (6th ed.). Pearson.

Book - Two authors

APA 7th edition components	Author Surname, Initial(s)., & Author Surname, Initial(s). (Year of publication). Title of book (in italics). (edition - only include if not the first.). Publisher.
Example	Goldstein, E. B., & Van Hooff, J. C. (2018). Cognitive psychology. Cengage.

Book - Three or more authors

APA 7th edition components	Author Surname, Initial(s)., Author Surname, Initial(s)., & Author Surname, Initial(s). (Year of publication). Title of book (in italics). (edition - only include if not the first). Publisher.
Example	Coon, D., Mitterer, J., & Martini, T. (2022). Introduction to psychology: gateways to mind and behavior. (16th ed.). Cengage.

Book - Corporate author

APA 7th edition components	Company/Corporate Name. (Year of publication). Title of book (in italics). (edition - only include if not the first.). Publisher.
Example	American Psychiatric Association. (2022). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed., text rev.).

N.B. When the author and the publisher are the same (e.g. American Psychological Association), the name is listed as the author only to avoid repetition in the reference.

Book - Editor(s)

APA 7th edition components	Editor Surname, Initial(s). (Ed.). (Year of publication). Title of book (in italics). (edition - only include if not the first.). Publisher.
Example	Davey, G. (Ed.). (2011). Applied psychology. BPS Blackwell.

Chapter of an edited book - Single author

APA 7th edition components	Author Surname, Initial(s). (Year of publication). Title of chapter. in Editor Initial(s). Surname (Ed.), Title of book (in italics (edition - only include if not the first., pp. page numbers of chapter). Publisher.
Example	Preuss, T. M. (2009). The cognitive neuroscience of human uniqueness. In M. S. Gazzaniga (Ed.), The cognitive neurosciences (4th ed., pp. 49-66). MIT Press.

Chapter of an edited book - Two authors

APA 7th edition components	Author Surname, Initial(s)., & Author Surname, Initial(s). (Year of publication). Title of chapter. In Editor Initial(s). Surname (Ed.), Title of book (in italics) (edition - only if not the first., pp. page numbers of chapter). Publisher.
Example	Reason, P., & Riley, S. (2008). Co-operative inquiry: An action research practice. In J. A. Smith (Ed.), Qualitative psychology: A practical guide to research methods (2nd ed., pp. 207-234). Sage.

eBook – Single author

APA 7th edition components	Author Surname, Initial(s). (Year of publication). Title of eBook (in italics) (edition - only include if not the first.). Publisher. DOI or URL (if applicable)
Example	Kalat, J. W. (2021). Introduction to psychology (12th ed.). Cengage.

eBook – Two authors

APA 7th edition components	Author Surname, Initial(s)., & Author Surname, Initial(s). (Year of publication). Title of eBook (in italics) (edition - only include if not the first.). Publisher. DOI or URL (if applicable)
Example	Howitt, D. & Cramer, D. (2020). Research methods in psychology (6th ed.). Pearson.

eBooks – Three or more authors

APA 7th edition components	Author Surname, Initial(s)., Author Surname, Initial(s)., & Author Surname, Initial(s). (Year of publication). Title of eBook (in italics) (edition - only include if not the first.). Publisher. DOI or URL (if applicable)
Example	Aronson, E., Wilson, T. D., & Sommers, S. R. (2020). Social psychology (10th global ed.). Pearson.

N. B. If an ebook is from an academic research database (such as APA PsycBooks) and has no DOI or stable URL (permalink) available, end the book reference after the publisher name. The reference in this case is the same as for a physical book. See here for more information on including database information in references.

Journal article – Single author

APA 7th edition components	Author Surname, Initial(s). (Year of publication). Title of article. Name of Journal (in italics), volume number(in italics)(issue number), page numbers of article.
Example	Kowner, R. (2001). Psychological perspective on human developmental stability and fluctuating asymmetry: Sources, applications and implications. British Journal of Psychology, 92(3), 447-469.

Journal article – Two authors

APA 7th edition components	Author Surname, Initial(s)., & Author Surname, Initial(s). (Year of publication). Title of article. Name of Journal (in italics), volume number(in italics)(issue number), page numbers of article.
Example	Coghlan, D., & Coughlan, P. (2014). Effecting change and learning in networks through network action learning. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 51(3), 375-400.

Journal article – Three or more authors

APA 7th edition components	Author Surname, Initial(s)., Author Surname, Initial(s)., & Author Surname, Initial(s). (Year of publication). Title of article. Name of Journal (in italics), volume number(in italics)(issue number), page numbers of article.
Example	Wang, J., Zhang, Z., & Jia, M. (2017). Understanding how leader humility enhances employee creativity: The roles of perspective taking and cognitive reappraisal. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 53(1), 5-31.

eJournal article – Single author

APA 7th edition components	Author Surname, Initial(s). (Year of publication). Title of article. Name of Journal (in italics), volume number (in italics)(issue number), page numbers of article. https://doi.org/xxxx
Example	Wood, W. (2017). Habit in personality and social psychology. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 21(4), 389-403. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868317720362

eJournal article – Two authors

APA 7th edition components	Author Surname, Initial(s)., & Author Surname, Initial(s). (Year of publication). Title fo article. Name of Journal (in italics), volume number (in italics)(issue number), page numbers of article. https://doi.org/xxxx
Example	Huppatz, K., & Ross-Smith, A. (2017). A discipline at the crossroads? Using a gender-inspired paradigm to reposition the sociology of work and employment. Journal of Sociology, 53(4), 756-770. https://doi.org/10.1177/1440783317743810

eJournal article – Three or more authors

APA 7th edition components	Author Surname, Initial(s)., Author Surname, Initial(s)., & Author Surname, Initial(s). (Year of publication). Title of article. Name of Journal (in italics), volume number (in italics)(issue number), page numbers of article. https://doi.org/xxxx
Example	Hakanen, J. J., Peeters, M. C. W., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2018). Different types of employee well-being across time and their relationship with job crafting. Journal of Occupation Health Psychology, 23(2), 289-301. https://doi.org/10.1037/ocp0000081

N.B. If an online/electronic journal article does not have a DOI and is from an academic database (e.g. APA PsycArticles), end the reference after the page range do not include a URL.

Conference paper - Live presentation

APA 7th edition components	Author Surname, Initial(s)., Author Surname, Initial(s)., Author Surname, Initial(s)., Author Surname, Initial(s)., & Author Surname, Initial(s). (Year of conference, Month Day(s)). Conference paper title (in italics) [Format of presentation]. Title of Conference, Location.
Example	Evans, A. C., Jr., Garbarino, J., Bocanegra, E., Kinscherff, R. T., & Márquez-Greene, N. (2019, August 8–11). Gun violence: An event on the power of community [Conference presentation]. APA 2019 Convention, Chicago, IL, United States.

Conference proceedings - Published in a journal

APA 7th edition components	Author Surname, Initial(s)., Author Surname, Initial(s)., Author Surname, Initial(s)., Author Surname, Initial(s)., & Author Surname, Initial(s). (Year of publication). Conference paper title. Title of Conference Proceedings (in italics), volume number(in italics)(issue number), page numbers of conference paper. https://doi.org/xxxx
Example	Herculano-Houzel, S., Collins, C. E., Wong, P., Kaas, J. H., & Lent, R. (2008). The basic nonuniformity of the cerebral cortex. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 105(34), 12593-12598. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0805417105

Conference proceedings - Whole edited book

APA 7th edition components	Editor Surname, Initial(s). (Ed(s).). (Year of publication). Title of book: Volume (in italics). Publisher. https://doi.org/xxxx
Example	Kushilevitz, E., & Malkin, T. (Eds.). (2016). Lecture notes in computer science: Vol. 9562. Theory of cryptography. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-49096-9

Conference proceedings - Chapter of an edited book

APA 7th edition components	Author Surname, Initial(s)., Author Surname, Initial(s)., & Author Surname, Initial(s). (Year of publication). Title of chapter. In Editor Initial(s). Surname (Ed(s).), Title of book: Volume (in italics). (pp. page numbers of chapter). Publisher. https://doi.org/xxxx
Example	Bedenel, A. L., Jourdan, L., & Biernacki, C. (2019). Probability estimation by an adapted genetic algorithm in web insurance. In R. Battiti, M. Brunato, I. Kotsireas, & P. Pardalos (Eds.), Lecture notes in computer science: Vol. 11353. Learning and intelligent optimization (pp. 225–240). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05348-2_21

Psychological test/scale - Three or more authors

APA 7th edition components	Author Surname, Initial(s)., Author Surname, Initial(s)., Author Surname, Initial(s)., & Author Surname, Initial(s). (Year of publication). Title of Test/Measure (in italics) [Database record]. Name of Database. https://doi.org/xxxx
Example	Pekaar, K. A., Bakker, A. B., van der Linden, D., & Born, M. P. (2018). Rotterdam Emotional Intelligence Scale [Database record]. APA PsycTests. https://doi.org/10.1037/t66601-000

Webpage

APA 7th edition components	Author Surname, Initial(s). (Year of publication, plus Month Day if available). Title of webpage (in italics). Website name. URL
Example	Santoro, H. (2023, January 1). The push for more equitable research is changing the field. American Psychological Association. https://www.apa.org/monitor/2023/01/trends-inclusivity-psychological-research

Document from a webpage (PDF etc.)

APA 7th edition components	Author Surname, Initial(s). (Year of publication). Webpage document title (in italics). Publisher/Website Name. URL
Example	Sweeney, J. (2013). A strategic review of further education and training and the unemployed. Department of Education and Skills. https://www.education.ie/en/Publications/Education-Reports/A-Strategic-Review-of-Further-Education-and-Training-and-the-Unemployed.pdf

N.B. For corporate/organisational authors, if the author of the webpage and the site name are the same, omit the Publisher/Website Name to avoid repetition.

Newspaper article – Print

APA 7th edition components	Author Surname, Initial(s). (Year, Month and Date of publication). Title of article. Title of Newspaper (in italics), Title of Supplement (if applicable, also in italics), page number of article.
Example	McConnell, D. (2014, April 19). What are we and where are we going? The Social Conquest of Earth. The Irish Times, Weekend, 12.

Newspaper article – Online

APA 7th edition components	Author Surname, Initial(s). (Year, Month and Date of publication). Title of article. Title of Newspaper (in italics). url
Example	O’Connell, J. (2018, May 19). Jennifer O’Connell: Why do we live in a culture that venerates stress? The Irish Times. https://www.irishtimes.com/life-and-style/people/jennifer-oconnell-why-do-we-live-in-a-culture-that-venerates-stress-1.3491747

Case study – Online

APA 7th edition components	Author Surname, Initial(s). (Year). Title of case study. Name of Journal (in italics), volume number(in italics)(issue number), page numbers of case study. https://doi.org/xxxx
Example	Durrani, H. (2014). Facilitating attachment in children with autism through art therapy: A case study. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 24(2), 99-108. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0036974

APA - Additional Sources

Blog - Single author

APA 7th edition components	Author Surname, Initial(s). (Date of publication). Title of blog post. Blog name (in italics). URL
Example	Shepard, B. (2022, December 15). How does music affect your brain? Livescience. https://www.livescience.com/how-does-music-affect-your-brain

Facebook - Post

APA 7th edition components	Author Surname, Initial(s). (Date of publication). Title of post (first 20 words in italics) [Description of content] [Post type]. Site name. URL
Example	Psychology Today. (2023, February 1). Developing greater self-discipline, research shows, can deliver benefits including better health and a reduced propensity for risky behavior. Here's [Image attached] [Status update]. Facebook. https://www.facebook.com/15687708844/posts/pfbid02dmRXgCsvjTr9SqXnkJAtH2Qndu 7AHr8CSGboDsE73jTXKEVwsA68pRyhGtNdTMkUl/?sfnsn=mo

Twitter - Tweet

APA 7th edition components	Author Surname, Initial(s) [Twitter handle]. (Date of publication). Title of post (first 20 words in italics) [Description of content] [Post type]. Site name. URL
Example	Psychological Society of Ireland [@PsychSocIreland]. (2023, January 27). The PSI welcomes the publication of the Report on #MentalHealth Supports in Schools and Tertiary Education & the recommendations to [Image attached] [Tweet]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/PsychSocIreland/status/1618942492778569729?cxt=HHwWgoDRndTn0fcsAAAA

N.B. The referencing format used for Twitter is also used for Instagram and TikTok.

Youtube - Video

APA 7th edition components	Author Surname, Initial(s). (Date of publication). Title of video (in italics) [Video]. Site name. URL
Example	Little, B. (2016, July 19). Who are you, really? The puzzle of personality [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qYvXk_bqlBk

TV - Series

APA 7th edition components	Author Surname, Initial(s). (Executive Producers). (Date aired). Title of series (in italics) [TV series]. Production company or companies.
Example	Lynch, D. & Frost, M. (Executive Producers). (1990–1991). Twin peaks [TV series]. Lynch/Frost Productions; Propaganda Films; Spelling Television.

Radio - Broadcast

APA 7th edition components	Author Surname, Initial(s). (Date aired). Title of broadcast (in italics) [Radio broadcast]. Name of Radio Station. URL (if online)
Example	Wright, E. (2012, June 24). Crowd psychology [Radio broadcast]. BBC Radio 3. https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01jyzf

Podcast

APA 7th edition components	Author Surname, Initial(s). (Host(s)). (Date aired). Title of episode (in italics) [Audio podcast]. Name of Podcast. URL
Example	Vedantam, S. (Host). (2018, May 15). The surprising benefit of moving and grooving with your kid [Audio podcast]. National Public Radio. https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2018/05/15 /610448906/the-surprising-benefit-of-moving-and-grooving-with-your-kid

Computer Software

APA 7th edition components	Corporate Author or Named Author. (Year of release). Title of Computer Software (in italics) (Version number) [Computer software]. URL
Example	IBM (2022). IBM SPSS Statistics (Version 29.0) [Computer software]. https://www.ibm.com/ie-en/products/spss-statistics

N.B. Generally, common or standard software (e.g. SPSS, Word, Excel, Java, Adobe, Photoshop etc.) does not need to be referenced.

Encyclopedia/Dictionary - Print

APA 7th edition components	Author Surname, Initial(s). (Year of publication). Title of entry. In Editor Initial(s). Editor Surname, & Editor Initial(s). Editor Surname (Eds.) (if applicable), Name of Encyclopedia or Dictionary (in italics) (edition if given). Publisher.
Example	Gorman, L. (2011). Online social networking. In G. Ritzer, & J. M. Ryan (Eds.), The concise encyclopedia of sociology. Wiley-Blackwell.

Encyclopedia/Dictionary - Online

APA 7th edition components

Author Surname, Initial(s). (Year of publication). Title of entry. In Name of Encyclopedia or Dictionary (in italics). Retrieved date, from URL

Example

American Psychological Association. (n.d.). Anxiety. In APA dictionary of psychology. Retrieved June 16, 2023, from https://dictionary.apa.org/anxiety

N.B. When an online reference work (e.g. APA Dictionary of Psychology) is continuously updated, use "n.d." as the year of publication and include a retrieval date.

Legislation - Act

APA 7th edition components	Title (include section of legislation if specified in-text), Source (if available), (Year of publication). URL (if available)
Example	Social Welfare Act, Government of Ireland, (2017). http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2017/act/38/enacted/en/html

Legislation - EU Directive

APA 7th edition components	European Union Author(s). (Year of publication). Title of Directive (in italics). [Details of Directive]. URL
Example	European Parliament, Council of the European Union. (2014). Directive 2014/95/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 October 2014 amending Directive 2013/34/EU as regards disclosure of non-financial and diversity information by certain large undertakings and groups. [EU Directive 2014/95/EU]. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legalcontent/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32014L0095

Thesis/Dissertation - Print

APA 7th edition components	Author Surname, Initial(s). (Year of submission). Title of thesis/dissertation (in italics). [Unpublished doctoral/master’s/bachelor’s thesis/dissertation]. Name of Institution.
Example	Campbell, H. (2015). Educational techniques: The effects of questioning on the recall of information [Unpublished bachelor's dissertation]. National College of Ireland.

Thesis/Dissertation - Online

APA 7th edition components	Author Surname, Initial(s). (Year of publication). Title of thesis/dissertation (in italics) [Doctoral/Master’s/Bachelor’s thesis/dissertation, Awarding institution]. Database/repository. URL
Example	Matthews, J. (2022) The impact of access to verbal language on working memory: A study of working memory on profoundly deaf adults [Bachelor's dissertation, National College of Ireland]. NORMA. https://norma.ncirl.ie/5662/

N.B. It is generally not recommended to reference theses/dissertations unless commenting on their own research – it is much better practice to find the sources they have used and reference those sources directly, particularly if you are consulting a recent thesis/dissertation.

Diagram/Chart/Image/Table - Print/Online

APA 7th edition components	Follow the format for the type of source from which the diagram/chart/image/ table is taken, i.e. a book, journal article, (document from a) webpage etc.
Example	Sweeney, J. (2013). A strategic review of further education and training and the unemployed. Department of Education and Skills. https://www.education.ie/en/Publications/Education-Reports/A-Strategic-Review-of-Further-Education-and-Training-and-the-Unemployed.pdf

Lecture Notes

APA 7th edition components	Author Surname, Author Initial(s). (Year of notes). Title of lecture (in italics) [Format]. Faculty/School, Institution.
Example	Hargreaves, A. (2017). Social psychology [Powerpoint slides]. School of Business, National College of Ireland.

N.B. It is not recommended to directly reference lecture notes or slides; ideally, you should be using these as a starting point to explore the resources discussed and highlighted in class.

NCI Library Referencing Guide,
5th edition

*For the 7th edition of APA referencing, please consult the online guide.

The NCI Library Referencing Guide provides further details on how to reference sources throughout your written work.

You can collect a hard copy of our guide at NCI Library or access the pdf by selecting the title or the icon of the guide above.

APA Referencing Quick Guide

*For the 7th edition of APA referencing, please consult the online guide.

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NCI LIBRARY

Referencing and Avoiding Plagiarism: APA

Getting Started

APA - Core Sources

APA - Additional Sources

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